After defining utopianism and the scope of the volume, the editors provide a comprehensive review of the relevant secondary literature as well as a synoptic survey of the history of utopianism in the modern Middle Eastern and North Africa. They argue that the role of utopias in the region varied widely throughout three main phases: from the 19th century until the interwar period, utopias reflected the elite-centered, anti-despotic, and reform-oriented character of the liberal age’s politics. During the subsequent radical age, utopias were a key driver of contentious mobilization, as well as a major component of state policies wherever revolutionary forces took over, from Mustafa Kemal’s Turkish Republic to Khomeini’s Iran. Since the end of the Cold War, Middle Eastern politics has been permeated by utopian visions that were either characterized by limited transformative ambitions (neoliberalism, electoral Islamism) or put into practice rather than theorised ex ante, such as the attempts at self-organisation that ensued from the 2011 and 2019 revolts. Radical utopias were confined to peripheral conflict zones (e.g., Islamic State, Rojava), while techno-utopianism underwent a revival as part of the post-2013 authoritarian restoration.
This is the first systematic exploration of the diversity of utopian thought and practice in the modern Middle East and North Africa. Beyond intellectual debates, utopianism has infused the many ideologies that have shaped contentious politics and governance in the region, from state formation to revolutionary transformations, conflicts, and the recent authoritarian resurgence. Drawing on case studies from Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Syria, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia, contributors address a broad array of utopian visions pertaining to political ideologies such as liberalism, secularism, Islamic revivalism, and socialism, but also to fields of expertise and technologies such as urbanism, the atom, and artificial intelligence. Likewise, they acknowledge the diversity of players that partake in the production of utopias, including writers, ideologues, activists, statesmen, experts, artists, and social media users. Moreover, authors consider both imaginaries promoted by challengers to the incumbents, and visions that serve the consolidation of authoritarianism.
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